Panels show the metapopulation dynamics of the number of punishing monogamist X(blue), non-punishing monogamist M (purple), and polygynist P (red) dominated groups, and metapopulation infection prevalence (proportion infected; black). Panels show the small group scenario without group competition (a) and with group competition (b), as well as the large group scenario without group competition (c) and with group competition (d). Also shown are metapopulation dynamics when the metapopulation is initially dominated entirely by monogamist groups, for the large group scenario with group competition (e). Metapopulation carrying capacity is 50 groups for all scenarios.